Six influential voices from business and politics assess the Eurosceptic mood and say whether the UK should quit or not
The political thermostat went up a notch as the debate on the UK's place in Europe heated up again last week, inside and outside parliament. The chancellor set out a compelling case for reform, while nearly 100 Conservative MPs called for national powers of veto over EU law. A large majority of CBI businesses of all sizes are clear: the UK is best served inside a reformed EU, rather than outside with no influence.
It's time to set out the importance of the single European market to our economic future based on hard facts. The single market is a great British success story and has been an engine for jobs and growth in every corner of the country and across the continent. Take our world-beating pharmaceuticals and chemicals industry, which supports 322,000 jobs and has exports worth £53bn, of which 56% head to the EU. Having common legislation to authorise new medicines across 28 countries, strong protection of intellectual property and access to the single market has been the base camp for global business success. Access to the single market has also been a magnet for investment from around the world. Being part of the EU has helped to make the UK one of the leading locations for investment, in part because of our direct access to a market of more than 500 million people and an EU economy with a GDP of $16 trillion (£9.75 trillion).
While it's true that the UK must boost trade with fast-growing markets in the rest of the world, we do not face an either/or choice between this and building on our existing strengths.
It is the EU's clout in signing trade deals worldwide, worth $24tn already, which is opening up new markets on strong terms for our companies. We would struggle to replicate this alone.
No other model – Norway, Switzerland or Turkey – offers the same benefits and influence. Indeed, some form of associate membership would be likely to leave the UK following market rules set by others.
But the EU cannot afford to tread water. It must stay competitive in a global economy where emerging high-growth markets are becoming ever-more dominant – Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia and others are all expected to have larger economies than any single EU member state by the middle of the century.
The EU must reform and renew to be more outward-looking and competitive, tackling the regulation handicap on smaller firms. It must focus on completing the single market in digital and services, pushing for more trade agreements – the proposed EU-US trade deal could potentially bring together two markets that cover almost half the world's GDP and 30% of international trade.
And, while the EU undoubtedly has to take steps to support the eurozone, it must not be to the detriment of the single market for those outside the euro. The EU of tomorrow must continue to work for all its members. Another area of reform is to strike the right balance between national parliaments and EU institutions. Securing progress in Europe is a marathon not a sprint, and the UK will need to work hard on building alliances. But it is do-able. We do have influence across Europe and there is a desire in many countries for reform.
So my message is: we can deliver the reforms we need across Europe, win the arguments about the EU at home and secure the UK's global future.
John Cridland is director general of the Confederation of British Industry (CBI)
If Britain left the EU, it would undoubtedly be a defeat, both for Britain and Europe. It would be a step backwards, both for evident economic and political reasons. I urge the British media and politicians of all parties not to caricature the issues surrounding the referendum. Too much is at stake here.
What is needed is a debate in each member state and in the EU on the direction Europe should be taking. The people of Britain have clearly expressed, for some time now, the will to be consulted directly on this issue. The referendum addresses two simple but crucial questions: is the EU providing the results we are to expect from it? And are the people of Britain satisfied with the EU today? Who can honestly answer yes to both questions? By offering the British people a referendum, David Cameron has done the job and done it with courage.
Of course, the "Brexit", as it has come to be known, must be a serious possibility. It must be a possibility, so that Europe agrees to the useful reforms that Cameron is putting on the negotiating table. No one in Europe wants to see Britain leave the EU. But no one has any interest either in the EU continuing as it is, not delivering what it had promised, increasingly treading on national sovereignties.
Both in France and last week in London at the Open Europe/Fresh Start project conference, I backed many of Cameron's ideas to move towards a reformed EU: on deregulation, on bringing back powers from Brussels to state level, on EU immigration and so on. We must not shy away from the change that people across Europe are aspiring to and that has become necessary to increase competitiveness and employment.
A recent poll in the UK showed that most Britons want to stay in a reformed EU. The British government is sending out a clear democracy lesson to the rest of Europe today: "Do not be afraid to hear what the people have to say." It is the best basis on which to achieve a reformed EU.
Rachida Dati is a French politician and a member of the European parliament, representing Île-de-France
Growing up, one of the most important things in your life is the sense of freedom. You would understand my shock, then, when I realised that I did not have as much freedom as I first thought – that it was becoming more and more limited because of a group of unelected political figures based in another country.
The more I researched the European Union, the more I realised that it was starting to have an influence over everything in my life – from the food I ate because of the common agricultural policy, to the products I used on my hair and even how my toilet flushed. That was the starting point of my Euroscepticism. Talking to other young people, I realised some had also spotted what was going on; that the EU had become far more than just a trade bloc and that we could survive and indeed thrive outside it.
Any country that decided to leave the EU would regain the power to decide which young people to give visas to, exactly like the US and Australia. They would be able to pick the best candidates, those who want to work hard, pay their way and improve the economy. It would also give them the opportunity to take in the amount of migrants that the country could handle. The UK, as well as others countries around Europe such as Spain, with a 50% youth unemployment figure, cannot handle uncontrolled mass immigration.
It isn't sensible when we have one million youngsters in this country unemployed and a disturbing recent poll for the Prince's Trust showed that more than 750,000 young people in Britain feel like they have nothing to live for. We must focus on getting them trained and into the work force.
In a couple of years' time, I will be just another student who comes out of university looking for my first full-time job, but having to compete not only with the huge youth unemployment rate, but potentially everyone else living in the EU dependent on how their economies are faring as well.
The argument for leaving the EU is not one of negativity and pessimism, but hope and optimism. Ukip's world view focuses on how, once we leave the EU, Britain can once more become a global nation rather than simply one stuck in a backwards-looking European Union.
Rob Comley is chairman of Young Independence, the youth wing of Ukip
We can govern ourselves better than 27 other countries can do it for us. That is the positive and optimistic case for Britain leaving the EU and becoming an independent country, trading with Europe, but governing ourselves.
Of course, when exporting to the EU we would need to obey the rules of the single market, just as exporters to the US or Japan obey their rules, although many trade rules are now set globally. However, we would no longer need to apply the vast regulatory superstructure of the EU to the majority of our exports which go outside the EU, or to the near three-quarters of our economy that is domestic trade.
In return for giving up one vote among 28 countries on EU rules, we would again have a national say on global rules, as Norway, Switzerland and South Korea do, enjoy free trade with the EU as they do and govern our own domestic economy. Instead of having to obey rules set by the EU, we could set our own policies democratically. In some areas we might choose to allow greater flexibility, while in others, say in protecting animal welfare, we might regulate more strictly.
The EU's treaties require it to negotiate a free trade deal with any departing member state. It would certainly want to do so with us, given that it sells much more to the UK than to any other country and sells much more to us than it buys from us. Germany will still want to sell Mercedes and BMWs to Britain, so it is simply not credible that it would apply trade barriers to us. We would also be able to negotiate our own free-trade deals with other countries.
Why should Japanese or other car manufacturers have to pay EU high tariffs on parts they import from elsewhere to make cars here? Why should British women pay a large tariff to the EU every time they buy a bra, just to protect inefficient Italian or Portuguese manufacturers from Chinese competition? We are forced to buy food from EU countries, often well above the world market price, rather than buy more cheaply from Australia or the Americas. Outside the EU we could cut such costs for families by ending agricultural tariffs, while gaining access to overseas markets for UK business services in return. We would break free of EU protectionism.
We would also reclaim the £15bn-£20bn we are paying the EU each year. Currently, we get back only about half what we pay in, and much is spent on things we would not choose ourselves, such as subsidising wealthy landowners or promoting the EU. Outside the EU, we could both cut taxes and spend much more on our social priorities. Most important, we would get back our democracy. Instead of having little say in decisions, we would decide much more for ourselves, and voting might once again make a difference.
Mark Reckless is Tory MP for Rochester and Strood
The pollster – Deborah Mattinson
'We are more Eurosceptic than our neighbours'
In BritainThinks workshops last November, we asked swing voters to list the main issues that affected their families and their area. Dozens of topics were discussed with passion: the cost of living, the NHS, crime … Europe was not mentioned once.
As an "important issue facing Britain" (Ipsos Mori Issues Index, December) the EU does not even hit double figures, trailing at 7% behind education, crime, NHS, poverty/inequality, pensions, immigration and the economy – the last two scoring 33% and 47% respectively, with immigration on the up as people's concern about the economy dies down.
But this apparent apathy is deceptive. We Brits are much more Eurosceptic than our European neighbours – just 28% of us consider membership a "good thing", contrasting with an EU-wide average of 50%. Our lack of enthusiasm is longstanding. Historically it sat alongside a widespread belief that we were better in than out. Back then, Euroscepticism was driven by a contempt for the bureaucracy that determined our bananas were not straight enough or our ice-cream not creamy enough. Europe was pointless, even ridiculous but not dangerous. Now our Euroscepticism is fuelled by the perceived link between Europe and immigration, explaining why, in recent years, our apathy has turned to antipathy.
If things stay as they are, recent polling by YouGov says we would vote to leave (in 32%, out 45%), although this changes to an even split with "modest renegotiation" (in 39%, out 38%) and, with a "major renegotiation of powers" a clear majority would stay (in 52%, out 23%). When asked what changes would encourage a "yes" vote, renegotiating immigration limits tops the list at 61% and reducing benefits for immigrants comes second at 46% while reducing business regulation matters less at 37% Specifically, 76% would support a two-year ban on immigrants receiving benefits and six out of 10 would like to see a five-year ban.
Deborah Mattinson is founder director of research and strategy agency BritainThinks, and was formerly pollster to Gordon Brown
The Liberal Democrat – Shirley Williams
'EU treatment of human rights is second to none'
Baroness Shirley Williams. Photograph: Kazam Media /Rex Features
We are coming up to a major crossroads in the country's future and the heart of it is whether we are going to ditch an expansive vision and opt for a shrinking one. Do we want to become a medium-sized country with no great influence or responsbility in the world, abandoning our international role, or do we want to be part of a much bigger entity with far-reaching international influence in which we would be a significant decision-maker?
The shrinking of the vision will also shrink our ideas, our attitudes and the scale of our innovations. It would be the cautious move of a relatively elderly society deciding to abdicate from any major global role. The once-upon-a-time alternative to the EU, our relationship with America, is no longer the option that it might have been. Our most powerful ally is increasingly multicultural, rather than Anglo Saxon, and its major strategic interests lie predominantly in Asia.
America's interest in us is as a leading member of the EU and that is the one option that gives us global influence. On the economic side, it is clear some international investors will think very hard about staying here should we leave the EU. That is because they see us as a bridge nation – the nation that bridges the Atlantic and acts as a launching pad into the EU single market. If we are not involved in the EU, the key investors in Japan, the US and, increasingly, China will not see us as the best place in which to base their industries.
Given the economy is not recovering quickly in some sectors, that is surely a very serious risk to jobs. Meanwhile, the City, whether you like it or not, is seen throughout the EU as the key European financial centre – but depends on us being in Europe.
But the global role we would jettison in leaving the EU isn't just economic, it is also cultural. It is through being part of the EU that we have broken into film, theatre and music. Britain is now seen as a leading artistic nation which was simply not the case before. The UK has also been a leading player in the world of international science and a lot of our scientific innovations emerge from multinational teams. And we arguably have the most famous universities in Europe, with a huge number of overseas students.
It is brilliant position which we would, not only put at risk, but go quite a long way to destroying, if we left the EU.
Finally, let us not forget human rights. Historically, we have been the premier country in this area, but we have to admit that we are not doing as well as we were. Our attitude to asylum seekers and immigrants has hardened. This is not the time to pull out of the EU – the world's strongest international champion of human rights where, for example, the equal treatment of men and women is second to none in the world. Why, indeed, would we want to give any of this up?
Baroness Williams of Crosby, a former leader of the Lib Dems in the Lords, is a professor at the John F Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.
Comment from the admin site BmOnline: To UK people
Why should the UK people jump into the bed of the beast in Rome, the pope and the EU? Are you crazy? Get rid of EU at once! Eu was established by KBG/FSB network from Kremlin. In the shadow. So it is, shade, sjokolade as germans say. 100% Maskirovka, Arsenic and cal 45.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/j ... referendum
- UKip votes no to EU. As normal humans- you must do the same! Do you want to say no to freedom, then you wote for EU and the devel!
Do not forget- EU is the new DDR, and Angela Merkel is for sure an old Maskirovka from Stasi-julie squad. Do not loan your eyes,- nor ears to such scum bags. Get rid of bandidos from Kremlin.
